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p16.

Stefano Serra¹, Runjan Chetty²

¹Department of Anatomical Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Clinical Pathology

|August 5, 2018

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The p16 gene, a key tumor suppressor, is crucial in diagnosing various cancers. Immunohistochemistry for p16 aids in identifying melanomas, mesotheliomas, and HPV-associated tumors, guiding accurate pathological assessment.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Molecular Biology
Pathology

Background:

The p16 gene, part of the INK4 family, functions in cell growth inhibition and tumor suppression, making it the second most common tumor suppressor gene after p53.
p16 is recognized for its role in familial melanoma and has established applications in distinct pathological scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the diverse diagnostic applications of p16 immunohistochemistry in various pathological conditions.
To highlight p16's utility in differentiating benign from malignant conditions and identifying specific tumor types.

Main Methods:

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16 protein expression analysis.
Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) for p16 gene analysis in specific contexts (e.g., mesothelioma).

Keywords:

genetics histopathology molecular genetics

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Main Results:

p16 IHC distinguishes desmoplastic melanoma (strong nuclear positivity) from reactive fibrous proliferation and identifies loss of expression in other melanomas.
Spitz nevi retain nuclear p16 staining, while benign mesothelial proliferations retain immunoreactivity, contrasting with the loss of expression in malignant mesotheliomas.
p16 overexpression indicates human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in associated tumors, and p16 immunopositivity is observed in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas.

Conclusions:

p16 immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in diagnosing and characterizing various tumors, including melanomas, mesotheliomas, and HPV-associated cancers.
p16 expression patterns provide critical diagnostic information, aiding in distinguishing between benign and malignant proliferations and identifying specific tumor subtypes.