Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

7.5K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
7.5K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.7K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.5K
Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development01:17

Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development

1.1K
During Piaget's concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, children exhibit a marked increase in logical thinking skills, specifically in relation to tangible, real-world events. This stage is characterized by the development of several essential cognitive concepts, including conservation, reversibility, and classification, all of which support the child's evolving capacity for structured thought.
Conservation and Constancy of Quantity
A significant cognitive milestone in the...
1.1K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.3K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
10.3K
SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

17.5K
The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
17.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Standardization of laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair for incisional hernia: Impact on clinical outcome and quality-of-life (LIPOM trial, NCT 02089958).

Contemporary clinical trials communications·2025
Same author

[Recommendations on treatment of acute appendicitis : Recommendations of an expert group based on the current literature].

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen·2020
Same author

[Psychological stressors, resources and well-being of surgeons in Germany : A cross-sectional study].

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen·2019
Same author

[Bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery in Germany 2017 : Results of a survey among members of the German Society of General and Visceral Surgery].

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen·2019
Same author

Power of Judgment: The Significance of Kant's Philosophy for the Medical System Today.

Journal of surgical education·2018
Same author

Development of an open prospective observational multicentre cohort study to determine the impact of standardization of laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair (IPOM) for incisional hernia on clinical outcome and quality of life (LIPOM-Trial).

Contemporary clinical trials communications·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

10.6K

[3 D laparoscopy versus 2 D laparoscopy : An up to date evaluation].

A Buia1, S Farkas2

  • 1Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Asklepios Kliniken Langen, Röntgenstr. 20, 63225, Langen, Deutschland.

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift Fur Alle Gebiete Der Operativen Medizen
|August 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy offers advantages in operation time and efficiency, improving the learning curve for surgeons. However, limitations include surgeon-specific 3D vision and the need for optimized operating room setup to prevent side effects.

Keywords:
Abdominal surgeryLearning curveOperation timeVisualizationWork stress

More Related Videos

Laparoscopy-endoscopy Cooperative Surgery for the Treatment of Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
05:16

Laparoscopy-endoscopy Cooperative Surgery for the Treatment of Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Published on: February 19, 2022

6.6K
Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
08:50

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy

Published on: June 25, 2013

13.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

10.6K
Laparoscopy-endoscopy Cooperative Surgery for the Treatment of Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
05:16

Laparoscopy-endoscopy Cooperative Surgery for the Treatment of Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Published on: February 19, 2022

6.6K
Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
08:50

Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy

Published on: June 25, 2013

13.7K

Area of Science:

  • Minimally Invasive Surgery
  • Surgical Technology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • 3D laparoscopy is increasingly integrated into surgical systems, complicating purchasing decisions with the advent of 4K technology.
  • The current landscape of laparoscopic video systems is dynamic, with 3D technology at the forefront of discussion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the advantages and limitations of 3D laparoscopy.
  • To assess the position of 3D laparoscopy within the current surgical video market.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PubMed.
  • Analysis of industry observations.
  • Personal evaluation of 3D laparoscopy systems.

Main Results:

  • Studies indicate clear benefits of 3D laparoscopy in reducing operation time, enhancing efficiency, and lessening workload.
  • 3D laparoscopy demonstrably improves the learning curve in laparoscopic surgery and benefits expert surgeons.
  • Limitations include individual surgeon's stereoscopic vision capability and the necessity for optimized operating room integration to mitigate side effects like fatigue and dizziness.

Conclusions:

  • The adoption of 3D laparoscopy depends on surgeon preference and visual acuity.
  • While 3D laparoscopy is expected to dominate, 2D laparoscopy will likely persist.
  • Future developments anticipate advancements in 3D technology, 4K resolution, and robotics in laparoscopy.