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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Mapping: A New Methodology to Elucidate Global Structural Features
Published on: March 16, 2022
[Three-dimensional mapping : Special aspects and new features of CARTO®]
Livio Bertagnolli1,2, Federica Torri3,4, Sergio Richter3,4
1Abteilung für Rhythmologie, Herzzentrum Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289, Leipzig, Deutschland. livio.bertagnolli@helios-kliniken.de.
Abstract:
The precise target location for radiofrequency energy delivery was initially determined through electrophysiological signals and with the help of fluoroscopy. The introduction of the 3D mapping system CARTO® (Biosense Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA) in recent years for radiofrequency ablation of arrhythmias has provided new therapeutic options. These improvements have led to reduced procedural and fluoroscopic times. The introduction of new software and technology has also improved clinical outcome and helped to understand the substrate of complex arrhythmias. This article provides an overview of the development of the CARTO® system and presents new features of the system.
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