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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
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Prolonged standing increases lower limb arterial stiffness.

Aaron R Caldwell1, Kaitlin M Gallagher1, Benjamin T Harris1

  • 1Exercise Science Research Center, College of Education and Health Professionals, University of Arkansas, 155 Stadium Dr., HPER 306-A, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|August 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolonged standing increases arterial stiffness, a key indicator of cardiovascular health. Intermittent walking breaks do not appear to mitigate these negative effects on vascular function.

Keywords:
Occupational healthPhysical activityPulse wave velocitySedentary

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Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Occupational Health
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Standing workstations are promoted for health benefits.
  • The impact of prolonged standing on arterial stiffness is not well understood.
  • Arterial stiffness is a crucial predictor of cardiovascular disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess changes in arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) after a 2-hour standing bout.
  • To determine if intermittent walking breaks reduce arterial stiffness compared to continuous standing.

Main Methods:

  • Nineteen adults underwent assessments of central, upper, and lower peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV).
  • Measurements were taken before, during (10, 60, 120 min), and after a 2-hour standing period.
  • Two conditions were tested: continuous standing and standing with 5-minute walk breaks every 25 minutes.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged standing significantly increased lower limb arterial stiffness (LPWV) (p < 0.001).
  • Central arterial stiffness (CPWV) decreased slightly during standing (p = 0.04).
  • Upper limb arterial stiffness (UPWV) showed no significant changes.

Conclusions:

  • Extended periods of standing elevate arterial stiffness.
  • Incorporating short walking breaks did not significantly reduce the adverse effects of prolonged standing on arterial stiffness.
  • Further research is needed to explore optimal strategies for mitigating cardiovascular risks associated with standing workstations.