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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.1K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
131.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.2K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.3K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Liquids Derived from Proline: Application as Surfactants.

Verónica Fernández-Stefanuto1, Raquel Corchero2, Iria Rodríguez-Escontrela2

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Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New biodegradable ionic liquids with alcohol groups resist hydrolysis, unlike ester-based ones. These novel prolinolium-based salts ([HOPro][DS] and [HOPro][DBS]) show superior surface tension reduction and are effective for enhanced oil recovery in harsh conditions.

Keywords:
amino acidsenhanced oil recoveryionic liquidsproliniumsurfactants

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Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Surfactant chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) derived from prolinium esters, while considered green, are susceptible to hydrolysis in water.
  • This decomposition limits their stability and applicability in aqueous environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new family of biodegradable ionic liquids with enhanced stability against hydrolysis.
  • To synthesize and characterize novel prolinolium-based ionic liquids incorporating an alcohol functional group.
  • To evaluate their performance as surfactants, particularly in enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of novel ionic liquids featuring the prolinolium cation ([HOPro]) with dodecylsulfate ([DS]) and dodecylbenzenesulfonate ([DBS]) anions.
  • Characterization of their physical properties, including liquid state at room temperature, chemical stability, and thermal stability.
  • Assessment of their surface tension reduction capabilities compared to traditional sodium salts.
  • Evaluation of their efficacy in surfactant enhanced oil recovery (SEOR) under high salinity and temperature conditions.

Main Results:

  • Two new ionic liquids, [HOPro][DS] and [HOPro][DBS], were successfully synthesized and found to be liquid at room temperature.
  • These novel ILs exhibit excellent chemical and thermal stability, overcoming the hydrolysis issue of ester-based counterparts.
  • They demonstrate superior performance in reducing the surface tension of water compared to conventional sodium surfactants.
  • [HOPro][DBS] proved to be an optimal formulation for SEOR in high salinity and temperature reservoirs, achieving ultra-low interfacial tension.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed alcohol-functionalized prolinolium-based ionic liquids offer a stable and effective alternative to ester-based ILs.
  • These novel surfactants possess advantageous aggregation properties and are highly effective for SEOR applications, especially in challenging reservoir conditions.
  • The development represents a significant advancement in designing stable, biodegradable ionic liquids for industrial applications.