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Candidate Performance and Observable Audience Response: Laughter and Applause-Cheering During the First 2016

Patrick A Stewart1, Austin D Eubanks2, Reagan G Dye1

  • 1Department of Political Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Audience responses like laughter and applause during the 2016 presidential debates influenced viewers. Applause-cheering increased liking for candidates, especially among partisans, while laughter did not significantly impact liking.

Keywords:
applause–cheeringbooingdefining momentsintra-audience effectslaughterobserved audience response (OAR)presidential debates

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Area of Science:

  • Political Communication
  • Social Psychology
  • Media Studies

Background:

  • The 2016 US presidential debates featured unprecedented levels of audience response, including laughter, applause-cheering, and booing.
  • Norm-violating audience behavior raises questions about its presence, intensity, timing, and influence on viewers.
  • Understanding these observable audience responses (OARs) is crucial for analyzing political discourse and audience reception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically code and analyze the types, intensity, and timing of OARs during the 2016 presidential debates.
  • To investigate the co-occurrence and influence of studio audience OARs on viewers in separate settings.
  • To determine the impact of different OAR types (laughter, applause-cheering) on candidate likeability and the role of party identity.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Systematic coding of studio audience responses (utterance type, intensity, timing, candidate) during the first general election debate.
  • Study 2: Observational analysis of 362 students watching the debate in separate rooms, examining co-occurrence of OARs with studio audience.
  • Study 3: Continuous Response Measure (CRM) dial study with 34 participants rating candidates during the debate to assess OAR influence.

Main Results:

  • Laughter was the predominant OAR and more likely to co-occur between studio and viewing rooms than other response types.
  • Applause-cheering significantly increased liking for the speaking candidate, particularly for those identifying with a party.
  • Laughter did not significantly influence candidate liking, and its effect was not mediated by party identity.

Conclusions:

  • Applause-cheering appears to be socially contagious and influences candidate likeability, especially among partisans.
  • Laughter, while common, is more stereotypic and less influential on audience perception of candidates.
  • Audience responses can shape viewer perceptions, highlighting the complex interplay between political events and audience reactions.