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Haptic, Physical, and Web-Based Simulators: Are They Underused in Maxillofacial Surgery Training?
Samantha G Maliha1, J Rodrigo Diaz-Siso2, Natalie M Plana1
1Medical Student and Research Fellow, Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, and New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Summary
Maxillofacial surgery training uses digital and mannequin simulators, but evidence supporting their educational benefit is limited. More high-level studies are needed to validate these simulation tools.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Surgical Simulation
- Maxillofacial Surgery
Background:
- Surgical residencies increasingly integrate digital and mannequin-based simulation.
- Simulation offers potential benefits for trainee education in maxillofacial surgery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify available digital and mannequin maxillofacial simulators for education and training.
- To highlight the benefits of these simulators.
- To critically assess the evidence supporting their use.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of peer-reviewed publications on simulators used in education or training.
- Inclusion criteria focused on educational simulators; surgical planning simulators were excluded.
- Descriptive statistics were used to analyze findings.
Main Results:
- 22 simulators identified (2001-2016): 10 virtual reality, 6 physical models, 6 web-based.
- Simulators cover diverse procedures like orthognathic surgery and cleft lip repair.
- Only 9 formalized studies (low-level evidence, Levels IV-V); no high-level evidence (Levels I-III) found.
Conclusions:
- Simulation in maxillofacial surgery education is underused due to a lack of validated study designs.
- There is a need for studies with higher levels of evidence on simulator utility and efficacy.
- Further research is crucial to support the integration of simulation in surgical training.
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