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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Related Experiment Video

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Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus
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Whole genome analysis of codon usage in Echinococcus.

Lucas L Maldonado1, Georgina Stegmayer2, Diego H Milone2

  • 1IMPaM, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
|August 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Echinococcus parasites show low codon usage bias, favoring pyrimidine-ending codons. Selection pressure is the primary evolutionary force, with conserved codon usage patterns across cestode parasites.

Keywords:
CestodeCodon usage biasGenome-wide analysisSelection

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Parasitology
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • Echinococcus species are parasitic platyhelminths causing echinococcosis, a significant global health concern for humans and animals.
  • Understanding their genetic makeup is crucial for developing effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate codon usage bias and perform comparative genomic analyses in three Echinococcus species.
  • To identify optimal codons and understand the evolutionary forces shaping codon usage patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 4,710,883 codons from whole genome and expression data of three Echinococcus species.
  • Gene annotation and expression profiling of 7613 genes.
  • Comparative genome analyses across multiple tapeworm species.

Main Results:

  • Echinococcus exhibits low codon usage bias, with a preference for T and C ending codons (average effective number of codons = 57).
  • 27 optimal codons were identified, predominantly ending in G/C.
  • Approximately 30% of analyzed Echinococcus genes show higher codon usage bias and expression.
  • Selection pressure accounts for 80% of the evolutionary forces shaping codon usage.
  • Codon usage patterns are conserved across cestode parasites.

Conclusions:

  • Codon usage bias in Echinococcus is low and primarily driven by selection pressure.
  • Conserved codon usage patterns in cestodes suggest adaptation to host protein synthesis.
  • Findings offer insights into parasite-host relationships, potentially aiding in identifying host factors influencing parasite evolution.