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Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...

Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Published on: February 16, 2011

[Cytomegalovirus Infection and Endothelial Function in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction].

A M Lebedeva¹, E V Mariukhnich¹, Z S Grievel²

¹Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, "A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University for Medicine and Dentistry" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

|August 8, 2018

Summary

Active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is linked to endothelial dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. CMV DNA levels were higher in AMI patients, indicating a significant association with this cardiovascular condition.

Keywords:

acute myocardial infarction cytomegalovirus endothelial function herpes virus

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Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Published on: February 16, 2011

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Published on: April 25, 2014

Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Published on: October 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common viral pathogen with potential cardiovascular implications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and endothelial dysfunction in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Main Methods:

The study involved 63 AMI patients and 42 healthy volunteers.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect CMV DNA in plasma.
Endothelial function was assessed using the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDVD) test of the brachial artery.

Main Results:

Patients with AMI exhibited significantly higher concentrations of CMV DNA in their plasma compared to healthy volunteers.
The presence of active CMV infection was indicated by elevated CMV DNA levels.
Endothelial dysfunction was observed more frequently in AMI patients than in the control group.

Conclusions:

Active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
These findings suggest CMV may play a role in the pathophysiology of AMI.