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Can folate replacement induce lymphoma progression?

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A patient with folate deficiency and organ dysfunction improved with supplements but relapsed. Folate supplementation may have accelerated an underlying peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • A 43-year-old male presented with severe anemia (hemoglobin 1.3 g/dL) and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
  • Initial diagnosis was folate deficiency secondary to malnutrition.

Observation:

  • The patient received packed red blood cells and supplements including folate, thiamine, and vitamin B12, showing initial recovery.
  • A relapse occurred weeks later, characterized by pancytopenia, fever, and generalized lymphadenopathy.

Findings:

  • Bone marrow biopsy confirmed hemophagocytosis.
  • Lymph node biopsy revealed peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS).

Implications:

  • This case suggests that folate supplementation, while necessary for deficiency, might promote the progression of undiagnosed lymphomas.
  • Highlights the importance of thorough differential diagnosis in patients with severe deficiencies and rapid relapses.