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Related Concept Videos

Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

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Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs...
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Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
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Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

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Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

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Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
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Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

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Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep
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Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

Published on: January 19, 2014

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Classical syphilitic lesions from the museum.

Roger W Byard1

  • 1School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2 Medical School North Building, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. roger.byard@sa.gov.au.

Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology
|August 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection, can cause severe cardiovascular and neurological damage over decades without treatment. This review highlights three cases of advanced syphilis, emphasizing the need for clinical awareness of its classical manifestations.

Keywords:
Aortic aneurysmChancreGeneral paralysis of the insaneMeningoencephalitisSyphilisTabes dorsalis

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Medicine
  • Pathology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Syphilis is a complex venereal disease with a protracted, multi-stage progression.
  • Increasing diagnoses necessitate a review of its diverse clinical presentations.
  • The Faculty of Medicine at The University of Adelaide's Pathology Museum archives provide historical case data.

Observation:

  • Three cases with distinct cardiovascular and neurological sequelae of untreated syphilis were identified.
  • Case 1: Aortic aneurysm (ascending and descending aorta) in an 80-year-old male.
  • Case 2: Chronic syphilitic meningoencephalitis with cerebral atrophy in a 56-year-old male.
  • Case 3: Tabes dorsalis in a 77-year-old male.

Findings:

  • The cases demonstrate classical late-stage manifestations of syphilis.
  • Cardiovascular syphilis presented as aortic aneurysms.
  • Neurosyphilis manifested as meningoencephalitis and tabes dorsalis.

Implications:

  • Rising syphilis incidence, driven by various factors, requires heightened clinical suspicion.
  • Recognition of classical syphilitic findings is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.
  • Understanding these manifestations is vital for potential medicolegal evaluations.