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Related Concept Videos

Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...
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Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.9K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions
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Pressure-Induced Superconductivity in Elemental Ytterbium Metal.

J Song1, G Fabbris2, W Bi2,3

  • 1Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.

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High pressure transforms Ytterbium (Yb) metal into a superconductor. Despite initial expectations, magnetic order is not observed, but superconductivity emerges due to the active role of f electrons.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • High-Pressure Physics

Background:

  • Ytterbium (Yb) is typically divalent and nonmagnetic (4f^{14}).
  • Pressure is expected to increase Yb's valence, potentially inducing magnetic instabilities or correlated electron effects before reaching a trivalent state (4f^{13}).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of Ytterbium (Yb) under extreme pressure.
  • To explore the emergence of superconductivity and its relationship with valence changes and electron correlation in Yb.

Main Methods:

  • Electrical resistivity and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed up to 179 GPa.
  • Measurements were conducted across a temperature range of 1.4–295 K.
  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy was utilized to determine Yb's valence state under pressure.

Main Results:

  • No evidence of magnetic ordering was observed in Ytterbium (Yb) up to 179 GPa.
  • Ytterbium (Yb) exhibits superconductivity starting at 86 GPa, with the critical temperature (Tc) increasing from approximately 1.4 K to 4.6 K at 179 GPa.
  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed that Yb remains in a mixed-valent state up to at least 125 GPa.

Conclusions:

  • Under high pressure, Ytterbium (Yb) transitions into a superconducting state without exhibiting magnetic order.
  • The emergence of superconductivity in Yb is strongly linked to its mixed-valent state and the involvement of f electrons.
  • These findings highlight the significant role of correlated f electrons in the pressure-induced superconductivity of simple elemental solids.