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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
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Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
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Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

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The suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Andrew P Patton1, Michael H Hastings1

  • 1Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|August 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) act as the brain's master circadian clock, regulating daily rhythms. Understanding the SCN's cellular and network properties is crucial for comprehending its role in health and behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain.
  • They regulate daily physiological and behavioral cycles by generating an internal representation of solar time.
  • Chronic disruption of circadian rhythms is linked to significant health issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical identification of the SCN as the master circadian clock.
  • To discuss the SCN on cellular, network, and orchestrator levels.
  • To explore the intrinsic electrical and transcriptional properties of SCN neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical identification and anatomical arrangement of the SCN.
  • Discussion of SCN neuronal communication via neuropeptides and GABA.
  • Focus on intrinsic electrical and transcriptional properties of SCN neurons.
  • Exploration of intersectional genetic approaches to study SCN cell populations.

Main Results:

  • The SCN comprises interconnected neurons in the hypothalamus, regulating daily cycles.
  • SCN sub-regions are defined by neuropeptides, facilitating neuronal communication.
  • Intrinsic cellular properties and network interactions govern SCN function as a circadian oscillator.

Conclusions:

  • The SCN's cellular and network properties are fundamental to its role as the master circadian clock.
  • Understanding SCN function is key to addressing health consequences of circadian disruption.
  • Intersectional genetic approaches offer insights into specific SCN cell population contributions to pacemaking.