Diagnosis and management of postnatal fetal growth restriction

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Endocrinology
• Reproductive Medicine
• Genetics

Background:

• Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a complex condition with multifactorial etiologies including genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and vascular factors.
• The insulin-like growth factor system is implicated in FGR pathophysiology, though not fully understood.
• FGR presents significant health challenges from the perinatal period through adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the molecular etiologies of FGR.
• To highlight the long-term health consequences of FGR.
• To discuss the management strategies for children with FGR.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of molecular etiologies of FGR.
• Analysis of the impact of FGR on long-term health.
• Synthesis of current management approaches for FGR.

Main Results:

• FGR arises from a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.
• The insulin-like growth factor system plays a crucial role in FGR.
• FGR is associated with increased perinatal morbidity/mortality and later-life issues like neurodevelopmental deficits, metabolic problems, subfertility, and increased risks of cardiovascular and kidney diseases.

Conclusions:

• Early identification of genetic syndromes is possible in some FGR cases.
• Comprehensive follow-up and therapeutic interventions are essential for affected children.
• Management should address immediate and long-term health concerns associated with FGR.