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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

Published on: April 23, 2018

Persistent structures in a three-dimensional dynamical system with flowing and non-flowing regions.

Zafir Zaman¹, Mengqi Yu¹, Paul P Park²

¹Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.

Nature Communications

|August 9, 2018

Summary

This study reveals persistent mixing and non-mixing regions in particle systems, driven by a synergy of fluid and solid dynamics. Understanding these complex interactions is key for materials science.

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Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

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Area of Science:

Physics
Materials Science
Complex Systems

Background:

Mixing of fluids and solids are mature fields.
Mixing in systems with coexisting flowing and non-flowing regions is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate mixing phenomena in a 3D dynamical system with both fluid-like and solid-like behaviors.
Uncover the interplay between different mixing mechanisms in complex materials.

Main Methods:

Utilized a 3D dynamical system involving a spherical shell half-filled with dry particles.
Periodically rotated the shell about two horizontal axes to induce mixing.
Employed a cutting-and-shuffling model to predict non-mixing regions.

Main Results:

Observed remarkably persistent mixing and non-mixing regions, contrary to expectations of randomness.
Demonstrated that fluid-like stretching-and-folding and solid-like cutting-and-shuffling interplay to create complex structures.
Found that non-mixing regions, predicted by the solids mixing model, can persist despite fluid flows and diffusion.

Conclusions:

The synergy between fluid and solid mixing mechanisms governs advection-driven mixing in systems with coexisting flowing and non-flowing regions.
Highlights the need for a more fundamental understanding of mixing in such complex materials.
Provides insights into controlling mixing in granular materials and multiphase systems.