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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Connective tissues are one of the four main tissue types in humans that are extensively present in the body. They are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers— collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The ground substance of connective tissues can range from a watery and jelly-like consistency to mineralized and hard. The wide variety of cells in the connective tissues include fibroblasts,...
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The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue— regular and irregular.
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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Growth and Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Arctic Ground Squirrel Neural Stem Cells
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Microbial connectivity and sorting in a High Arctic watershed.

Jérôme Comte1,2,3,4, Alexander I Culley5,6,7, Connie Lovejoy6,8,9

  • 1Centre d'études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. jerome.comte@ete.inrs.ca.

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Global warming impacts Arctic snow and aquatic ecosystems. Snow microbes connect to downstream habitats, influencing polar ecosystem microbial communities.

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Area of Science:

  • Arctic ecology
  • Microbial ecology
  • Climate change science

Background:

  • High Arctic aquatic ecosystems face significant changes due to cryosphere warming.
  • The snow microbiome and its connectivity to downstream habitats remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microbial community composition and connectivity along a hydrologic continuum in the Canadian High Arctic.
  • To assess the influence of snowpack on downstream aquatic microbial ecosystems.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling along a hydrologic gradient from snow banks to marine mixing zones at Ward Hunt Lake.
  • High-throughput sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA to analyze bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic microbial communities.

Main Results:

  • Distinct microbial assemblages were found in each habitat.
  • Subsurface water tracks exhibited the highest microbial species richness.
  • Up to 30% of microbial phylotypes were shared across the continuum, indicating snow-originating taxa persist downstream.

Conclusions:

  • Snow microbial communities are connected to downstream aquatic ecosystems.
  • Climate-driven changes in snowfall will likely alter microbial community structures in snow-fed polar ecosystems.