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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Generation and Maintenance of Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Urine
Published on: July 28, 2023
[Advances in the studies of spermatogonial stem cells in primate mammals]
Abstract:
Spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) are a type of spermatogonial cells that play an important role in the spermatogenesis of males. SSCs not only possess the properties of stem cells but also differentiate into sperm. They are the unique adult stem cells that transmit genetic information to subsequent generations. Therefore,SSCs are regarded as an ideal alternative source of pluripotent stem cells according with moral and ethical issues,legality,and safety. Long-term in vitro culture systems and identification of SSCs have paved the ground for the studies of their transplantation and pluripotency. Early relevant studies mainly focused on non-primate mammals. Recently,researches on SSCs have made great progress in primate mammals,especially in humans. This review focuses on the characterization,isolation,purification,cultivation,identification,and biological markers of SSCs,with a discussion on their unlimited pluripotency and application,and meanwhile provides an insight into the application potential of SSCs in the treatment of male infertility and human regenerative medicine.
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Extraction: Advanced Methods

