Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

8.7K
Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
8.7K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

23.0K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
23.0K
Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

86.7K
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
86.7K
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

12.8K
Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
12.8K
Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

138.0K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
138.0K
Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

199.4K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
199.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Olfactory bulb-cortex oscillations encode perceived odor intensity rather than concentration.

PLoS biology·2026
Same author

Synergistic Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms for Working Memory.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2026
Same author

Categorization is 'baked' into the brain.

Nature reviews. Neuroscience·2026
Same author

Synergistic Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms for Working Memory.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2026
Same author

Adaptation of motor unit synergies in the synergetic ankle plantarflexors in ambulatory persons with incomplete spinal cord injury.

Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Biomimetic model of corticostriatal micro-assemblies discovers a neural code.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

A Matter of Parameters: Tailored Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Enhances Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Circuit Resonance.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Proactive visual and motor prioritization differentially scale with cue reliability.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Erratum: Yao et al., "Estrogen Regulates Bcl-w and Bim Expression: Role in Protection against β-Amyloid Peptide-Induced Neuronal Death".

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Erratum: L'Episcopo et al., "Plasticity of Subventricular Zone Neuroprogenitors in MPTP (1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine) Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease Involves Cross Talk between Inflammatory and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways: Functional Consequences for Neuroprotection and Repair".

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Representations of subsecond duration-based timing by complex spike synchrony in cerebellar Purkinje neurons.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

The extended language network: Language-responsive brain areas whose contributions to language remain to be discovered.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Shape Memory Polymers for Active Cell Culture
10:53

Shape Memory Polymers for Active Cell Culture

Published on: July 4, 2011

13.9K

Working Memory: Delay Activity, Yes! Persistent Activity? Maybe Not.

Mikael Lundqvist1, Pawel Herman2, Earl K Miller3

  • 1Picower Institute for Learning & Memory and Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|August 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Working memory (WM) relies on neural spiking, but not just persistent activity. Single-trial analysis reveals transient bursts and dynamic coding, suggesting a more complex role for spiking in WM.

Keywords:
computational modelspersistent activitytransient dynamicsworking memory

More Related Videos

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

27.6K
Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats
13:26

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

18.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Shape Memory Polymers for Active Cell Culture
10:53

Shape Memory Polymers for Active Cell Culture

Published on: July 4, 2011

13.9K
Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

27.6K
Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats
13:26

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

18.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Persistent neural spiking is the dominant model for working memory (WM).
  • Traditional analysis methods average neural activity, masking trial-by-trial variations.
  • This averaging approach may oversimplify the neural mechanisms of WM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the role of neural spiking in working memory.
  • To investigate the significance of single-trial neural dynamics.
  • To explore alternative coding strategies beyond persistent activity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neural spiking activity on a single-trial basis.
  • Examination of neural coding during complex working memory tasks.
  • Comparison of averaged activity versus transient burst patterns.

Main Results:

  • Neural activity in WM often manifests as sparse, transient bursts, not just persistent firing.
  • Single-trial analysis reveals dynamic neural coding patterns over task duration.
  • Averaging across trials obscures crucial details of neural computation in WM.

Conclusions:

  • Neural spiking is critical for working memory, but its function is more complex than persistent activity.
  • Transient bursts and dynamic coding offer computational and functional advantages for WM.
  • Rethinking WM mechanisms requires considering single-trial neural dynamics.