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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
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Published on: July 13, 2019

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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Language Processing but Does Not Facilitate

Narges Radman1,2, Juliane Britz1, Karin Buetler3

  • 1Neurology Unit, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|August 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (anodal-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) impacts neural activity during second language (L2) word production. This suggests DLPFC activation constrains L2 language processing.

Keywords:
EEG/ERPbilingualismdorsolateral prefrontal cortexlanguage productiontDCS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Bilingual word retrieval relies on executive control systems, particularly in the left prefrontal cortex.
  • The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is implicated in executive functions and language control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if DLPFC stimulation modulates second language (L2) word production.
  • To examine the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (anodal-tDCS) over the DLPFC on behavioral and neural measures of L2 processing.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-six unbalanced bilinguals received anodal or sham tDCS over the DLPFC.
  • Participants performed verbal/non-verbal fluency, L1/L2 picture naming, and translation tasks.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during naming and translation.

Main Results:

  • Behaviorally, anodal-tDCS affected non-verbal fluency but not verbal fluency, picture naming, or translation.
  • EEG revealed significant interactions between language/stimulation and translation direction/stimulation during L2 processing.
  • These neural effects suggest segregated phonological retrieval and encoding for L2.

Conclusions:

  • Anodal-tDCS influences neural phonological processes, particularly for L2.
  • DLPFC activation acts as a constraint on language production specifically in the second language (L2).