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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
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Published on: June 22, 2016

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Generation, Characteristics and Clinical Trials of Ex Vivo Generated Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

Sang Hyun Kim1, Ho Hyun Jung1, Chong Kil Lee2

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.

Yonsei Medical Journal
|August 10, 2018
PubMed

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role not only in the initiation of primary immune responses, but also in the development and maintenance of immune tolerance. Numerous protocols have been developed to generate tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) ex vivo, and the therapeutic efficacy of ex vivo-generated tolDCs has been demonstrated in autoimmune disease animal models. Based on successes in small animal models, several clinical trials have been completed or are on-going in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease. Here we describe the methods used to generate tolDCs ex vivo, and the common features shared by tolDCs. In addition, we overview five completed clinical trials with reported outcomes and summarize the tolDC-based clinical trials that are currently registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Although the number of tolDC-based clinical trials is much smaller than the hundreds of clinical trials using immunogenic DCs, tolDC-based treatment of autoimmune diseases is becoming a reality, and could serve as an innovative cellular therapy in the future.

Keywords:
Dendritic cellautoimmune diseasecellular therapyclinical trialimmune tolerance

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