Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.7K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.5K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.3K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
10.3K
SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

17.5K
The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
17.5K
SN2 Reaction: Transition State02:26

SN2 Reaction: Transition State

12.0K
An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
12.0K
SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:23

SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

11.8K
In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
If the substrate is an achiral molecule at the α-carbon, the inversion of configuration is not...
11.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Structurally Diverse Series of Eight-Coordinate Hg<sup>2+</sup> Complexes of KrF<sub>2</sub> Derived from Hg(PnF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (Pn = As, Sb) and FHg(AsF<sub>6</sub>).

Inorganic chemistry·2025
Same author

Xenon Trioxide Coordination Complexes of Crown Ethers: (CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>3</sub> and Xe(VI) Hydrates, [(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)XeO<sub>3</sub>]⋅ H<sub>2</sub>O and [(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)XeO<sub>3</sub>]<sub>2</sub> ⋅ 2H<sub>2</sub>O ⋅ HF.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025
Same author

Chromium(VI) Oxyfluoride Dianions, [Cr<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> F<sub>6</sub> ]<sup>2-</sup> and [CrO<sub>2</sub> F<sub>4</sub> ]<sup>2-</sup> ; Syntheses and Structures of [XeF<sub>5</sub> ]<sub>2</sub> [Cr<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> F<sub>6</sub> ], [XeF<sub>5</sub> ]<sub>2</sub> [Cr<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> F<sub>6</sub> ] ⋅ nX (X=HF, n=4; X=XeOF<sub>4</sub> , n=2), and [XeF<sub>5</sub> ][Xe<sub>2</sub> F<sub>11</sub> ][CrO<sub>2</sub> F<sub>4</sub> ].

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023
Same author

XeF<sub>2</sub> Coordination Complexes of the [BrO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> Cation, [O<sub>2</sub>Br(FXeF)<sub></sub>][AsF<sub>6</sub>] (<i>n</i> = 1, 2) and [O<sub>2</sub>Br(FXeF)<sub>2</sub>][SbF<sub>6</sub>]; Their Syntheses and Structural Characterizations.

Inorganic chemistry·2023
Same author

Synthesis and reactivity of donor stabilized thionylium (SO<sup>2+</sup>) dications.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2022
Same author

Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of a Xe<sup>IV</sup> Transition-Metal Coordination Complex, F<sub>3</sub> XeF<sub>b</sub> - - -WOF<sub>4</sub>.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

8.4K

A Homoleptic KrF2 Complex, [Hg(KrF2 )8 ][AsF6 ]2 ⋅2 HF.

John R De Backere1, Gary J Schrobilgen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized the first homoleptic krypton difluoride (KrF2) coordination complex with a metal cation, [Hg(KrF2)8][AsF6]2·2HF. This groundbreaking discovery features eight KrF2 ligands bonded to a central mercury ion.

Keywords:
Raman spectroscopyhomoleptic complexeskrypton chemistrymercury coordination compoundssingle-crystal X-ray diffraction

More Related Videos

Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex
07:17

Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex

Published on: August 2, 2021

3.0K
The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations
10:11

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Published on: August 3, 2016

10.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

8.4K
Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex
07:17

Measuring Composition of CD95 Death-Inducing Signaling Complex and Processing of Procaspase-8 in this Complex

Published on: August 2, 2021

3.0K
The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations
10:11

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Published on: August 3, 2016

10.4K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Noble gas compounds, particularly those involving krypton, are rare and challenging to synthesize.
  • Understanding the coordination behavior of noble gases with metal centers is crucial for expanding chemical frontiers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first homoleptic krypton difluoride (KrF2) coordination complex.
  • To investigate the bonding interactions and structural properties of a novel metal-KrF2 complex.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of mercury(II) hexafluoroarsenate (Hg(AsF6)2) with a large excess of KrF2 in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF).
  • Low-temperature crystal structure determination of the resulting complex, [Hg(KrF2)8][AsF6]2·2HF.
  • Raman spectroscopy and computational studies (DFT) to analyze vibrational frequencies and bonding.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of the first homoleptic KrF2 coordination complex, [Hg(KrF2)8][AsF6]2·2HF.
  • Isolation and structural characterization of the [Hg(KrF2)8]2+ dication, featuring eight KrF2 ligands coordinated to Hg2+ in a square-antiprismatic geometry.
  • Raman spectra assigned using calculated gas-phase vibrational frequencies, confirming the complex's structure.
  • Computational studies revealed the significance of both electrostatic and orbital interactions in metal-ligand bonding.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the feasibility of forming stable coordination complexes with KrF2 as a ligand.
  • The findings provide valuable insights into the bonding nature and structural characteristics of noble gas-metal interactions.
  • This work opens new avenues for exploring the chemistry of noble gas compounds and their potential applications.