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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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The center of gravity of a body is an imaginary point where the body's total weight is assumed to be concentrated, and the body is perfectly balanced. The center of the mass of a body is a point at which the whole of the mass of the body appears to be concentrated. If the acceleration due to gravity, g, has the same value at all points on a body, its center of gravity is identical to its center of mass. The center of gravity of homogeneous bodies such as a sphere, cube, or rectangular plate...
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The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.
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For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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Additional germline findings from a tumor profiling program.

Neda Stjepanovic1, Tracy L Stockley2,3, Philippe L Bedard1,2

  • 1Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.

BMC Medical Genomics
|August 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most cancer patients want to know about germline medically actionable variants (gMAVs) found during tumor profiling. Returning these results requires careful genetic counseling to manage challenges.

Keywords:
Germline mutationHereditary CancerIncidental findingsNeoplasms/geneticsNeoplastic syndromesNext generation sequencingSecondary findings

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Precision Medicine

Background:

  • Matched tumor-normal sequencing aids precision cancer medicine by identifying germline medically actionable variants (gMAVs) in cancer predisposition genes.
  • Patient preferences for receiving incidental germline findings and the clinical implementation of gMAV disclosure are key considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess patient willingness to receive additional germline results identified through tumor profiling.
  • To describe the clinical scenarios and challenges associated with disclosing previously unidentified gMAVs.

Main Methods:

  • 1556 advanced cancer patients underwent tumor-normal sequencing using multigene panels.
  • Informed consent was obtained for the return of additional germline results.

Main Results:

  • 94% of patients consented to receive additional germline results; 5% declined.
  • Eight patients had gMAVs, with five previously unidentified, including variants in TP53 and SMARCB1.
  • One TP53 variant at low allele frequency suggested an acquired event.

Conclusions:

  • Patient interest in germline findings from tumor profiling is high.
  • Disclosure of previously unidentified gMAVs presents challenges, underscoring the need for clinical genetics services in tumor profiling programs.