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Hidden variation in polyploid wheat drives local adaptation.

Laura-Jayne Gardiner1, Ryan Joynson1, Jimmy Omony2

  • 1Earlham Institute, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, United Kingdom.

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Wheat landraces show diverse DNA methylation and transposon content, impacting adaptation and traits like salt tolerance. This epigenetic variation, alongside genetic markers, offers new breeding opportunities for improved crop resilience.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Wheat (Triticum aestivum) exhibits remarkable adaptability across diverse agricultural environments due to its domestication history.
  • Understanding the genetic and epigenetic factors driving this adaptation is crucial for crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay of genotype, repeat content, and DNA methylation in a global collection of bread wheat landraces.
  • To identify novel sources of variation impacting wheat's adaptive potential.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic DNA extraction and sequencing from a diverse bread wheat landrace collection.
  • Analysis of genotype, transposon copy number, and genome-wide DNA methylation patterns.
  • Correlation analysis between epigenetic variation, genetic markers, and phenotypic traits.

Main Results:

  • Identified independent variation in DNA methylation, genotype, and transposon copy number across wheat landraces.
  • Demonstrated that epigenetic factors significantly influence the wheat genome, with ancestral methylation states being converted to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
  • Showcased the role of these mechanisms in driving local adaptation and influencing key agronomic traits, including heading date and salt tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation and transposon diversity represent significant, yet underexplored, sources of variation in wheat.
  • These epigenetic factors, alongside genetic markers, can be leveraged for marker-assisted breeding to enhance crop adaptation and resilience.
  • The study provides insights into the evolutionary mechanisms shaping wheat's adaptability.