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Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Small Populations02:04

Conservation of Small Populations

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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Population Growth00:57

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Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.
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Molecules and Compounds02:38

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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The Exposome: Molecules to Populations.

Megan M Niedzwiecki1, Douglas I Walker1,2,3, Roel Vermeulen4,5,6

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; email: megan.niedzwiecki@mssm.edu , Douglas.walker@mssm.edu.

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
|August 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The exposome characterizes non-genetic health and disease factors, complementing the genome. Emerging technologies enable omic-scale assessment of environmental exposures for precision medicine and public health.

Keywords:
epidemiologyexposomeexposuremetabolomicspharmacokineticssystems biology

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Genomics
  • Precision Medicine

Background:

  • The exposome represents an individual's total environmental exposures, crucial for understanding health and disease.
  • Genomics has advanced rapidly, but measuring the exposome at a similar resolution remains a challenge.
  • Environmental factors include drugs, toxicants, pollutants, nutrients, and stressors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of the exposome in health and disease.
  • To discuss the potential of emerging technologies for exposome research.
  • To frame the exposome as a key component alongside the genome in defining an individual's phenome.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing omic-scale characterization to measure diverse environmental factors.
  • Assessing environmental forces at systems and network levels.
  • Integrating exposome data with genomic data.

Main Results:

  • Emerging technologies facilitate detailed, omic-scale data collection on various exposures.
  • The exposome paradigm offers a framework for advances in pharmacology and toxicology.
  • Exposome data can improve analysis of drug interactions and adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • The exposome, alongside the genome, is essential for defining an individual's phenome.
  • Comprehensive exposome models can enhance precision medicine, clinical trials, and public health strategies.
  • Advancements in exposome measurement are critical for a holistic understanding of health and disease.