Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain
Published on: July 1, 2019
Intraoperative Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure and Consequent Severe Brain Bulge During Functional Motor Cortex
Ankur Khandelwal1, Gyaninder Pal Singh1, Akanksha Singh2
1From the Department of Neuroanaesthesiology and Critical Care.
Abstract:
Intraoperative cortical and subcortical bipolar or monopolar mapping is the gold standard for neurosurgical procedures that involve lesions near functional or "eloquent" cortex. However, the classic Penfield stimulation has a higher intraoperative seizure rate than high-frequency short-train stimulation. As a result, high-frequency monopolar stimulation is now the most widely practiced technique. However, seizure-free mapping cannot be guaranteed even with high-frequency stimulation particularly at high current thresholds. We encountered a case of severe generalized tonic-clonic seizure and consequent severe brain bulge in an 8-year-old child during cortical mapping with the high-frequency protocol.
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