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Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

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Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
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Coping Strategies: Problem Focused01:27

Coping Strategies: Problem Focused

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Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
For example, consider a student who struggles to understand their...
518
Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

30.9K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
30.9K
Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused01:20

Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused

534
Emotion-focused coping refers to a set of strategies aimed at managing the emotional impact of stressors, rather than directly addressing their causes. This approach involves altering one's emotional response to stressful situations to reduce their psychological effects. For example, individuals might talk with a friend or engage in activities like journaling to express their feelings. Such actions can help achieve emotional clarity or release, providing the psychological stability needed...
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Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

Mechanical Protein Functions

5.6K
Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
10:42

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

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Microbiome: Focus on Causation and Mechanism.

Michael A Fischbach1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University and Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Cell
|August 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The microbiome field requires a shift towards proving causation and molecular mechanisms. Focus on large-magnitude, easily measurable phenotypes driven by the microbiota to unlock its full potential.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The microbiome field is experiencing significant growth in both academic research and industrial applications.
  • Current research often identifies correlations between microbial communities and host phenotypes.
  • There is a need to move beyond correlation to establish definitive links.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for a strategic focus in microbiome research.
  • To emphasize the importance of establishing causation and elucidating molecular mechanisms.
  • To guide future research towards impactful and measurable outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • This perspective piece reviews current trends and challenges in microbiome research.
  • It proposes a framework for prioritizing research directions.

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Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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  • The focus is on the type of experimental evidence and phenotypic readouts required.

    • Main Results:

    • The current enthusiasm for microbiome research may not translate into predictable applications without a change in focus.
    • Establishing causation requires rigorous investigation into molecular interactions.
    • Prioritizing large-magnitude, easily measurable phenotypes is crucial for unambiguous results.

    Conclusions:

    • The microbiome field must prioritize establishing causation and molecular mechanisms to fulfill its potential.
    • Future research should concentrate on phenotypes that are clearly and significantly influenced by the microbiota.
    • This strategic focus will accelerate the translation of microbiome discoveries into real-world applications.