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Related Concept Videos

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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Bisphosphonates: Future perspective for neurological disorders.

Saima Zameer1, Abul Kalam Najmi1, Divya Vohora1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India.

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Bisphosphonates (BPs), used for osteoporosis, show promise for neurodegenerative diseases by targeting the mevalonate pathway. These nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs) may improve cognitive function by inhibiting key enzymes in the brain.

Keywords:
AlendronateAlzheimer’s diseaseBisphosphonatesBrain calcificationHuntington’s diseaseZoledronic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropharmacology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Neurodegenerative disorders and osteoporosis share pathological features like impaired protein prenylation and altered cholesterol metabolism.
  • Altered protein prenylation and cholesterol levels negatively impact central nervous system (CNS) integrity.
  • Bisphosphonates (BPs), primarily nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs), are established osteoporosis treatments inhibiting the mevalonate pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of BPs' mechanisms in CNS disorders.
  • To highlight the potential of NBPs as therapeutic agents for neurological conditions.
  • To discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying BPs' effects in the CNS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pre-clinical and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of in vitro data on protein prenylation and cholesterol metabolism.
  • Focus on the mevalonate pathway and its inhibition by BPs.

Main Results:

  • NBPs show potential in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease.
  • BPs inhibit acetylcholinesterase and cholesterol synthesis in the brain, crucial for cognitive function.
  • Studies indicate NBPs target the mevalonate pathway, impacting isoprenoid synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • NBPs represent a promising therapeutic avenue for CNS disorders due to their effects on the mevalonate pathway.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of BPs in the CNS.
  • Understanding these mechanisms could lead to novel treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.