Nuclear-resident RIG-I senses viral replication inducing antiviral immunity

The nucleus represents a cellular compartment where the discrimination of self from non-self nucleic acids is vital. While emerging evidence establishes a nuclear non-self DNA sensing paradigm, the nuclear sensing of non-self RNA, such as that from nuclear-replicating RNA viruses, remains unexplored. Here, we report the identification of nuclear-resident RIG-I actively involved in nuclear viral RNA sensing. The nuclear RIG-I, along with its cytoplasmic counterpart, senses influenza A virus (IAV) nuclear replication leading to a cooperative induction of type I interferon response. Its activation signals through the canonical signaling axis and establishes an effective antiviral state restricting IAV replication. The exclusive signaling specificity conferred by nuclear RIG-I is reinforced by its inability to sense cytoplasmic-replicating Sendai virus and appreciable sensing of hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA in the nucleus. These results refine the RNA sensing paradigm for nuclear-replicating viruses and reveal a previously unrecognized subcellular milieu for RIG-I-like receptor sensing.