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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:45

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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Related Experiment Video

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Detection of Protein Ubiquitination
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ESCRT and Membrane Protein Ubiquitination.

Simona M Migliano1, David Teis2

  • 1Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, CCB Building, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
|August 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery mediates the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway, essential for degrading ubiquitinated membrane proteins. This process involves ESCRT complexes forming intraluminal vesicles within endosomes for lysosomal degradation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Protein Degradation

Background:

  • Membrane protein degradation is crucial for cellular homeostasis.
  • The multivesicular body (MVB) pathway utilizes the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery.
  • ESCRT complexes are essential for forming intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within endosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on the ESCRT machinery in the MVB pathway.
  • To discuss membrane protein ubiquitination and endocytosis in relation to MVB formation.
  • To highlight the role of ESCRT in protein sorting and degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ESCRT function.
  • Analysis of protein ubiquitination and endocytosis mechanisms.
  • Description of ESCRT complex assembly and function in MVB biogenesis.

Main Results:

  • ESCRT-0, -I, and -II bind ubiquitinated membrane proteins on endosomes.
  • ESCRT-III and Vps4 mediate the budding of ILVs into endosomes.
  • ESCRT machinery drives the formation of MVBs for protein degradation via lysosomes.

Conclusions:

  • The ESCRT machinery is central to the MVB pathway for targeted membrane protein degradation.
  • ESCRT-mediated ILV formation is critical for MVB biogenesis and cargo sorting.
  • The ESCRT pathway's role extends to other membrane budding events, including plasma membrane and nuclear envelope.