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Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Overview
Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Sugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from...

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

Published on: August 20, 2018

ADPr-Peptide Synthesis.

Hans A V Kistemaker¹, Jim Voorneveld¹, Dmitri V Filippov²

¹Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|August 12, 2018

Summary

We developed a method for synthesizing mono-ADP-ribosylated peptides (mono-ADPr-peptides) using solid-phase synthesis. This protocol enables the creation of custom peptides for structural and biochemical research.

Keywords:

Glycosylation Mono-ADPr-peptides Phosphitylation Phosphoribosylated amino acids Pyrophosphate Solid-phase synthesis

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Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of 1,2-Dithiolane Modified Self-Assembling Peptides

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Published on: August 20, 2018

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Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

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Published on: June 20, 2014

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Organic Chemistry
Proteomics

Background:

Mono-ADP-ribosylated peptides (mono-ADPr-peptides) are valuable tools for structural, biochemical, and proteomics research.
Existing methods for synthesizing these peptides can be complex and may not be widely accessible.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a robust and accessible protocol for the preparation of synthetic mono-ADPr-peptides.
To demonstrate the utility of this method for incorporating ADP-ribosylation sites into various peptide sequences.

Main Methods:

The protocol utilizes standard Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis.
Phosphoribosylated precursor building blocks are incorporated into the peptide chain.
Chemical phosphorylation with adenosine phosphoramidite is employed to create the final ADP-ribosylation sites.

Main Results:

The protocol successfully generated mono-ADPr-peptides containing ADP-ribosylated glutamine (ADPr-Gln), asparagine (ADPr-Asn), and citrulline (ADPr-Cit).
The method accommodates trifunctional amino acids with base-sensitive side-chain protection in sequences flanking the ADPr-sites.
Demonstrated successful synthesis of three distinct peptide sequences incorporating these modified residues.

Conclusions:

This protocol provides a reliable method for synthesizing mono-ADPr-peptides.
The described approach facilitates the study of ADP-ribosylation in various biological contexts.
The method's compatibility with standard solid-phase synthesis and diverse amino acids enhances its applicability in biochemical and proteomics research.