Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.

The Evidence for Evolution

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.

Transfer Function to State Space

Transfer Function to State Space

State-space representation is a powerful tool for simulating physical systems on digital computers, necessitating the conversion of the transfer function into state-space form. Consider an nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients, like those encountered in an RLC circuit. The state variables are selected as the output and its n−1 derivatives. Differentiating these variables and substituting them back into the original equation produces the state equations.
In an RLC...

State Space to Transfer Function

State Space to Transfer Function

The conversion of state-space representation to a transfer function is a fundamental process in system analysis. It provides a method for transitioning from a time-domain description to a frequency-domain representation, which is crucial for simplifying the analysis and design of control systems.
The transformation process begins with the state-space representation, characterized by the state equation and the output equation. These equations are typically represented as:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Therapeutic rescue of pathogenic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase alleles.

Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids·2026

Same author

Single-cell heterogeneity in ribosome levels and protein synthesis during nutrient starvation is driven by cAMP signaling.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Mistranslation from an endogenous tRNA variant in human pan-genome cell lines.

Nucleic acids research·2026

Same author

High-fidelity and differential nonsense suppression in live cells and a frontotemporal dementia allele with human transfer RNAs.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Same author

The IUBMB Focused Meeting on Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases 2023.

IUBMB life·2025

Same author

Ribosome deficiency induces <i>Salmonella</i> filamentation within host cells.

mBio·2025

Same journal

RNA polymerase II phosphorylation dynamics: from molecular mechanisms to human disease.

RNA biology·2026

Same journal

Impact of interspecies colostrum and milk replacement on circulating sncRNA dynamics of neonatal goat kids.

RNA biology·2026

Same journal

The role of RNA modifications in cancer translational control.

RNA biology·2026

Same journal

Discovery of a mutation-containing circRNA in polyglutamine disease through systematic analysis of RNAs with CAG repeats.

RNA biology·2026

Same journal

FDA-approved antisense oligonucleotide therapies for duchenne muscular dystrophy: current status and future outlook.

RNA biology·2026

Same journal

The RNA binding protein ZFP36L2 displays tissue-selective mRNA targeting in mice.

RNA biology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

Published on: August 18, 2023

Transfer RNA function and evolution

Patrick O'Donoghue^1,2, Jiqiang Ling³, Dieter Söll^4,5

¹a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , ON , Canada.

|August 14, 2018

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

More Related Videos

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

Published on: May 28, 2021

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Published on: March 16, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

Published on: August 18, 2023

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Investigating Molecular Evolution and Gene Expression using RNA-seq

Published on: May 28, 2021

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Published on: March 16, 2011