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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

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The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
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Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate02:28

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The Arrhenius equation,
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
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Reaction Quotient02:35

Reaction Quotient

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The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

35.5K
Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
To understand this phenomenon, consider the elementary reaction:
35.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Demonstrating the Simplicity and In Situ Temperature Monitoring of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of Metal Chalcogenides Suitable for Thermoelectrics
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Insights into Mechanochemical Reactions at Targetable and Stable, Sub-ambient Temperatures.

Joel Andersen1, James Mack1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 404 Crosley Tower, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Stable low-temperature conditions significantly enhance stereoselectivity in mechanochemical reactions. Decreasing temperature, especially under solvent-free conditions, improves product distribution, offering precise control for chemical synthesis.

Keywords:
low-temperature mechanochemistrymechanochemical selectivityrecirculating chillersolid-phase synthesisstereoselectivity

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Mechanochemical reactions offer solvent-free synthesis pathways.
  • Controlling reaction temperature is crucial for selectivity but challenging in ball milling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of controlled low-temperature conditions on mechanochemical reaction outcomes.
  • To demonstrate the ability to fine-tune stereoselectivity using temperature control in ball milling.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of a SPEX 8000 Mill/mill for precise low-temperature control.
  • Utilizing the reduction of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone as a model system.
  • Analysis of diastereomeric product distribution under varying temperatures and frequencies.

Main Results:

  • Low-temperature conditions significantly enhance diastereomeric selectivity in mechanochemical reactions.
  • Decreasing temperature, particularly in solvent-free conditions, leads to increased stereoselectivity.
  • The cooled reaction jar acts as a heatsink, mitigating exothermic reaction effects.

Conclusions:

  • Stable, verifiable low-temperature control is effective for enhancing selectivity in mechanochemical reactions.
  • Temperature is a critical parameter for controlling stereoselectivity in ball milling.
  • The developed method has broad applications beyond the model system studied.