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Related Concept Videos

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

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Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
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Sleep Apnea01:21

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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Related Experiment Video

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Evaluation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Integrity in Mouse Oocytes
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Post-hyperventilation Apnea with Spindle Activity on Electroencephalogram.

Jun Ueda1, Michi Kawamoto1, Nobuo Kohara1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan.

Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
|August 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-hyperventilation apnea can cause loss of consciousness. This study observed spindle activity on electroencephalogram (EEG) during apnea, suggesting a specific brain mechanism involving the reticular formation.

Keywords:
hyperventilation syndromepost-hyperventilation apneaspindle coma

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • The exact cause of loss of consciousness during post-hyperventilation apnea is not well understood.
  • Hyperventilation can lead to hypocapnia, potentially affecting brain function.

Observation:

  • A patient experiencing post-hyperventilation apnea exhibited specific electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns.
  • Spindle activity was observed on EEG during the apnea event.

Findings:

  • Loss of consciousness and apnea correlated with decreased end-tidal CO2 levels during hyperventilation.
  • Recovery of consciousness and breathing coincided with increased end-tidal CO2 and cessation of EEG spindle activity.

Implications:

  • The findings suggest that the ascending-activating reticular formation may be focally involved in the loss of consciousness during post-hyperventilation apnea.
  • This research provides new insights into the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying apnea-induced altered consciousness.