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Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Optimized PCR-based Detection of Mycoplasma
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Convergent Evolution among Ruminant-Pathogenic Mycoplasma Involved Extensive Gene Content Changes.

Wen-Sui Lo1,2, Gail E Gasparich3, Chih-Horng Kuo1

  • 1Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

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Convergent evolution in bacteria reveals dynamic genome changes. Pathogen emergence involved significant gene loss and horizontal gene transfer, not just few virulence genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial evolution
  • Genomics
  • Bacterial adaptation

Background:

  • Convergent evolution offers insights into adaptation.
  • The bacterial genus Mycoplasma provides a model for studying independent evolution of pathogens.
  • Mycoplasma species independently evolved into ruminant pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate gene content evolution leading to the Mycoplasma Mycoides cluster.
  • Understand the genomic adaptations driving the emergence of ruminant pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Sequenced genomes of 11 Entomoplasma/Mesoplasma species.
  • Performed comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using Mollicutes genomes.
  • Inferred gene content evolution and horizontal gene transfer events.

Main Results:

  • The MRCA of the Mycoides-Entomoplasmataceae clade lost ~15% of core genes.
  • A second wave of gene loss and acquisition of >100 novel genes occurred in the Mycoides cluster MRCA.
  • Horizontal gene transfer from Mycoplasma Hominis/Pneumoniae lineages was implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial genome content is highly dynamic, even in reduced genomes.
  • Pathogen emergence involves extensive gene content remodeling.
  • Gene exchange among symbionts plays a role in the evolution of novel pathogens.