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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy
Published on: August 9, 2019
3D approach visualizing cellular networks in human lymph nodes
Marvin Siegfried Oswald1, Martin-Leo Hansmann2
1Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt/Main, Dr. Senckenberg Institut für Pathologie, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, 60590, Hessen, Germany.
Abstract:
Lymph node diagnostics are essentially based on cutting thin sections of formalin fixed tissues. After hematoxylin and eosin stain, Giemsa stain and immunohistochemical staining of these tissues, the lymph node diagnosis is done using a light microscope, looking at two-dimensional pictures. Three-dimensional visualizations of lymph node tissue have not been used in lymphoma diagnostics yet. This article describes three-dimensional visualization of lymphoid tissue, using thick paraffin sections, immunostained with monoclonal antibodies, confocal laser scanning and data processing with appropriate software and the 3D printing process itself. The advantages and disadvantages of different printing techniques are discussed as well as the application of 3D models in diagnostics, teaching and research of lymph nodes.
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