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Nutritional and Environmental Factors in Thyroid Carcinogenesis.

Immacolata Cristina Nettore1, Annamaria Colao2, Paolo Emidio Macchia3

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|August 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Environmental factors like iodine intake, volcanic emissions, and xenobiotics may contribute to rising thyroid carcinoma (TC) rates, particularly papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Further research is needed to understand these complex mechanisms.

Keywords:
carcinogenseating habitsenvironmentiodine intakethyroid cancervolcanoesxenobiotics

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Oncology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies indicate a rising incidence of thyroid carcinoma (TC), with a notable increase in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
  • While improved diagnostics contribute, emerging data suggests environmental toxic elements play a role in TC development.
  • Ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary and follicular histotypes).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review environmental carcinogens beyond ionizing radiation implicated in thyroid carcinoma (TC).
  • To explore the role of dietary habits, volcanic area living, and xenobiotic exposure in TC etiology.
  • To elucidate the potential mechanisms linking these factors to papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies and toxicological data.
  • Analysis of the impact of iodine intake on follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
  • Examination of the effects of volcanic emissions and environmental/household xenobiotics on thyroid cancer risk.

Main Results:

  • Iodine deficiency is linked to follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs), whereas increased iodine intake appears associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
  • Volcanic emissions introduce toxic compounds into the food chain, potentially increasing thyroid cancer risk.
  • Exposure to environmental and household xenobiotics is also associated with an elevated risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors, including diet (iodine intake), volcanic pollutants, and xenobiotics, are significant contributors to thyroid carcinoma (TC) incidence.
  • The mechanisms by which these factors promote molecular abnormalities in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) require further investigation.
  • Understanding these environmental influences is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies for thyroid cancer.