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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Two-dimensional itinerant ferromagnetism in atomically thin Fe₃GeTe₂.

Zaiyao Fei¹, Bevin Huang¹, Paul Malinowski¹

¹Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Nature Materials

|August 15, 2018

Summary

Iron-germanium-telluride (Fe3GeTe2) exhibits robust two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetism when exfoliated to a monolayer. This atomically thin material shows potential for 2D itinerant magnetism and spintronic devices.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetism in van der Waals (vdW) crystals is crucial for fundamental studies and spintronic devices.
An exfoliable vdW material with intrinsic 2D itinerant magnetism has been sought after.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the magnetic properties of exfoliated Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) down to the monolayer limit.
To explore the potential of FGT for 2D itinerant ferromagnetism and spintronic applications.

Main Methods:

Exfoliation of vdW Fe3GeTe2 crystals.
Layer-number-dependent magnetic characterization.
Analysis of magnetic anisotropy and Curie temperature (Tc).

Main Results:

Monolayer FGT exhibits robust 2D ferromagnetism with strong perpendicular anisotropy.
A crossover from 3D to 2D Ising ferromagnetism occurs below 4 nm (five layers).
Curie temperature (Tc) drops from 207 K to 130 K in the monolayer; distinct magnetic behavior observed in thicker flakes (>15 nm) due to labyrinthine domains.

Conclusions:

Fe3GeTe2 is an exfoliable vdW magnet exhibiting intrinsic 2D ferromagnetism.
This material is a promising platform for studying controllable 2D itinerant ferromagnetism.
FGT can be utilized for engineering spintronic vdW heterostructures.