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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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In parallel electrical connections, resistors are linked between the same pair of nodes, creating an equal voltage across each resistor. Kirchhoff's current law is applied to these connections, establishing that the sum of currents through these resistors equals the source current. Utilizing Ohm's law, the source current is determined as the product of the source voltage and the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances. This relationship simplifies the process of finding the current...
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
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Current treatment options for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy.

Iuliia Naumova1, Camil Castelo-Branco2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of General Medicine Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia.

International Journal of Women'S Health
|August 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), common in postmenopausal women, causes significant discomfort and reduced quality of life. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including various therapies, can restore vaginal health.

Keywords:
dyspareuniahormonal replacement therapylocal estrogenmenopauseselective estrogen receptor modulatorvaginal dehydroepiandrosteronevaginal drynessvulvovaginal atrophy

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Menopause Research
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) affects 50-60% of postmenopausal women, often silently.
  • Symptoms include dryness, itching, burning, painful urination, and painful intercourse, significantly impacting quality of life.
  • Only 25% of affected women receive adequate therapy due to societal underreporting and healthcare provider under-detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and impact of VVA.
  • To discuss the barriers to diagnosis and treatment.
  • To review available therapeutic options for VVA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of VVA prevalence, symptoms, and treatment options.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to underdiagnosis and undertreatment.
  • Synthesis of current medical and non-medical interventions.

Main Results:

  • VVA symptoms are widespread but often not discussed or treated.
  • Embarrassment and perception of aging are key barriers to seeking help.
  • A range of treatments exist, from hormone therapy to lubricants.

Conclusions:

  • Timely diagnosis of VVA is crucial.
  • Adequately selected therapy can restore vaginal function and health.
  • Increased awareness and proactive healthcare are needed to address this condition.