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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
Psychodynamic theorists argue that unconscious...
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

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ANCA-associated vasculitis in scleroderma: A renal perspective
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Sam Kant, Ami A Shah, Laura K Hummers

    Clinical Nephrology
    |August 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Overlap syndrome of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and scleroderma (SSc) is rare. Standard induction therapy can achieve remission in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (AAG) in SSc patients, but maintenance immunosuppression is crucial to prevent relapse.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Rheumatology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Overlap syndrome of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and scleroderma (SSc) is uncommon.
    • Renal outcomes in AAV-SSc overlap are not well-defined.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (AAG) in SSc patients.
    • To evaluate the efficacy of standard induction therapy and the need for maintenance immunosuppression.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective study of 3,570 SSc patients.
    • Identification of patients who developed AAV with renal involvement.
    • Assessment of demographics, serology, renal function, histology, and treatment outcomes.

    Main Results:

    • Seven SSc patients developed biopsy-proven crescentic glomerulonephritis, all ANCA and MPO positive.
    • Standard induction therapy (cyclophosphamide or rituximab with steroids) achieved remission in most patients.
    • Three patients died, and one experienced a relapse with alveolar hemorrhage, highlighting the risk of recurrence.

    Conclusions:

    • ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in SSc is rare but presents similarly to idiopathic AAV.
    • Standard induction therapy is effective for achieving remission.
    • Maintenance immunosuppression is recommended to prevent vasculitis relapse in AAV-SSc overlap syndrome.