Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

50.8K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
50.8K
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

58.4K
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
58.4K
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

11.0K
Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
11.0K
The Dot Product01:26

The Dot Product

265
Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...
265
Dot Product01:29

Dot Product

981
The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...
981
Dot Product: Problem Solving01:21

Dot Product: Problem Solving

720
The dot product is a powerful tool in problem-solving involving vectors, given that the dot product of two vectors is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them measured anti-clockwise. Solving problems involving the dot product requires understanding its properties and developing a step-by-step process to solve them. Here are the main steps to follow when solving any general problem involving the dot product:
Identify the problem: Start by reading the problem and...
720

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Scaffold hopping yields novel furo[3,2-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine NNRTIs with optimized antiviral potency, enhanced selectivity, and reduced hERG liability.

Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B·2026
Same author

Targeted Degradation of Capsid by Host-Hijacking PROTAC Overcomes Drug Resistance.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Antioxidant Activity of Stallion Spermatozoa After Cryopreservation with Natural Antioxidant-Supplemented Extenders.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026
Same author

Discovery of 4-Quinazolinone-Containing Phenylalanine Derivatives as Potent, Resistant-Tolerant HIV Capsid Inhibitors.

MedComm·2026
Same author

Graphene Dot-ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures as High-Performance Chemiresistive Sensors for H<sub>2</sub>S Detection.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Correction to "Rational Design of Broad-Spectrum Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors via Pharmacophore-Oriented Generative Artificial Intelligence".

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots
10:16

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

Published on: October 23, 2014

26.1K

Graphene Quantum Dots Based Systems As HIV Inhibitors.

Daniela Iannazzo1, Alessandro Pistone1, Stefania Ferro2

  • 1Department of Engineering , University of Messina , Contrada Di Dio , I-98166 Messina , Italy.

Bioconjugate Chemistry
|August 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Graphene quantum dots conjugated with HIV drugs show promise for treatment. Graphene quantum dots (GQD)-CHI499 demonstrated significant antiviral activity against HIV, suggesting potential for novel drug delivery systems.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays
07:13

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Published on: June 28, 2024

2.2K
Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging
17:14

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Published on: October 9, 2012

18.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots
10:16

Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

Published on: October 23, 2014

26.1K
Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays
07:13

Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Published on: June 28, 2024

2.2K
Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging
17:14

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Published on: October 9, 2012

18.7K

Area of Science:

  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Virology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Graphene quantum dots (GQD) are advanced nanomaterials with significant potential in biomedical applications.
  • GQD offer unique properties for targeted drug delivery and therapeutic interventions.
  • HIV treatment remains a critical area of research, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antiviral activity of water-soluble graphene quantum dots (GQD) against HIV.
  • To compare the anti-HIV efficacy of GQD conjugated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) against conventional treatments.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of action of GQD-conjugated antiretroviral agents in the HIV replication cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of water-soluble GQD from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) via acidic oxidation and exfoliation.
  • Conjugation of GQD with NNRTIs (CHI499 and CDF119) to create GQD-CHI499 and GQD-CDF119.
  • Evaluation of anti-HIV activity using IC50 and EC50 assays.
  • Time of addition (TOA) method to determine the stage of HIV replication targeted by the conjugated compounds.

Main Results:

  • GQD-CHI499 exhibited potent anti-HIV activity with an IC50 of 0.09 μg/mL and an EC50 of 0.066 μg/mL.
  • Both GQD-CHI499 and GQD-CDF119 demonstrated antiviral effects comparable to existing NNRTIs.
  • The TOA method indicated that the conjugated drugs interfere with HIV replication similarly to NNRTIs.

Conclusions:

  • RTI-conjugated GQD, specifically GQD-CHI499, represent a promising candidate for developing novel HIV therapeutics.
  • GQD-based drug conjugates offer a potential platform for enhanced drug delivery and targeted antiviral therapy.
  • The findings support further investigation into GQD-drug conjugates for effective HIV treatment strategies.