Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

7.2K
Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
7.2K
Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

15.2K
As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
15.2K
Current Density01:21

Current Density

5.2K
The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
5.2K
Eddy Currents01:25

Eddy Currents

2.7K
Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...
2.7K
Displacement Current01:19

Displacement Current

3.8K
Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
3.8K
Charge and Current01:14

Charge and Current

5.7K
Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
Charge is an inherent property of the atomic particles that make up matter and is measured in units called coulombs (C). Matter is composed of atoms, each consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-e), while protons...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals tumor-immune determinants of lymph node colonization and progression in thyroid cancer.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Embracing intra-class heterogeneity for semi-supervised medical image segmentation: From diversity to precision.

Medical image analysis·2026
Same author

Bile acid supplementation in a high-fat diet improved growth performance, lipid deposition, ferroptosis, and intestinal health in Pacific white shrimp (<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>).

Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui)·2026
Same author

Dosing Regimen Optimization of Aztreonam/Avibactam According to Renal Function Stratification: A Population Pharmacokinetic-Guided Simulation Study.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Easily Prepared and Performance-Enhanced Superhydrophobic, Photothermal, Nonfluorinated Nanocarbon/Nonmetallic Mineral@Long-Chain Alkyl-Containing Polymer-Coated Surface for Protective Textile and Textile Wastewater Treatment.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Targeting Cellular Senescence Enhances Post-Burn Wound Healing in Aged Mice.

Shock (Augusta, Ga.)·2026
Same journal

Clinical Characterization of Enzyme and Transporter Precipitants to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions for Orforglipron, a Small Molecule Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Symposium Report: Stakeholders' Perspectives on Phase 1 Trials in Japanese Prior to Multi-Regional Clinical Trials and Future Pathways.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Resolving CYP2D6 Structural Complexity with Long-Read Sequencing: Implications for Tamoxifen Precision Dosing in Thai Breast Cancer Patients.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Identification of a Functional CYP2C8 Variant Allele that Alters Splicing, Reduces Protein Expression, and Increases Drug Exposure.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Risk of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Heart Failure Treated with Spironolactone in Combination with Sacubitril/Valsartan vs. Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
Same journal

Composite Endpoints in Contemporary Cardiovascular Trials: Trends in Phase 3 Trials and Key Issues in Regulatory Review.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents
08:37

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents

Published on: July 16, 2020

6.0K

Current State of Microbicide Development.

Yannick L Traore1, Yufei Chen1, Emmanuel A Ho1

  • 1Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontatio, Canada.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|August 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines is difficult due to viral mutability. Topical microbicides offer a promising prevention strategy, with ongoing research into preclinical and clinical formulations to overcome existing barriers.

More Related Videos

Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Device Development: An Updated Protocol Used at Home in Healthy Subjects and Fibromyalgia Patients
11:26

Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Device Development: An Updated Protocol Used at Home in Healthy Subjects and Fibromyalgia Patients

Published on: July 14, 2018

18.0K
Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe
07:28

Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe

Published on: January 4, 2011

14.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents
08:37

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents

Published on: July 16, 2020

6.0K
Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Device Development: An Updated Protocol Used at Home in Healthy Subjects and Fibromyalgia Patients
11:26

Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Device Development: An Updated Protocol Used at Home in Healthy Subjects and Fibromyalgia Patients

Published on: July 14, 2018

18.0K
Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe
07:28

Measurement of Bioelectric Current with a Vibrating Probe

Published on: January 4, 2011

14.5K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Developing an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine remains a significant challenge due to the virus's high variability and mutability.
  • While condom use and pre-exposure prophylaxis are effective HIV prevention methods, accessibility and adherence issues persist, particularly in developing countries.
  • Microbicides are topical agents designed for vaginal or rectal application to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at the point of transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current state-of-the-art microbicide formulations in preclinical and clinical development for HIV prevention.
  • To discuss the challenges encountered in the development of effective microbicide therapies.

Main Methods:

  • This review summarizes existing research on microbicide formulations.
  • It examines preclinical and clinical data on various microbicide candidates.
  • The review also discusses implementation challenges and sociocultural factors impacting microbicide use.

Main Results:

  • Several microbicide formulations are in various stages of development, showing potential to inhibit HIV entry into immune cells or prevent viral replication.
  • Challenges include ensuring broad-spectrum activity against diverse HIV strains, achieving adequate adherence, and addressing formulation stability and delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Microbicides represent a crucial potential tool for HIV prevention, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • Continued research and development are necessary to overcome formulation and implementation hurdles for widespread adoption.
  • Addressing accessibility and sociocultural barriers is vital for the success of microbicide-based HIV prevention strategies.