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It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
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On many occasions, physicists, other scientists, and engineers need to make estimates of a particular quantity. These are sometimes referred to as guesstimates, order-of-magnitude approximations, back-of-the-envelope calculations, or Fermi calculations. The physicist Enrico Fermi was famous for his ability to estimate various kinds of data with surprising precision. Estimating does not mean guessing a number or a formula at random. Instead, estimation means using prior experience and sound...
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When the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is large, the sample standard deviation s is commonly used as a point estimate of σ. However, it can sometimes under or overestimate the population standard deviation. To overcome this drawback, confidence intervals are determined to estimate population parameters and eliminate any calculation bias accurately. However, this only applies to random samples from normally distributed populations. Knowing the sample mean and...
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How to estimate kinship.

Jérôme Goudet1,2, Tomas Kay1, Bruce S Weir3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Molecular Ecology
|August 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic markers offer a powerful alternative to traditional pedigrees for estimating kinship in biology. Discrepancies arise from pedigree errors and founder effects, highlighting the utility of new genetic kinship estimators, especially in conservation and social evolution studies.

Keywords:
animal mating/breeding systemsbehavior/social evolutionconservation geneticsquantitative geneticswildlife management

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Area of Science:

  • Integrative biology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Conservation genetics

Background:

  • Kinship is a fundamental concept across biological disciplines, including social evolution, conservation science, and genetics.
  • Traditionally, pedigrees have been the primary method for inferring kinship.
  • Advances in next-generation sequencing provide dense genetic markers, prompting a re-evaluation of genetic marker utility for kinship estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of existing and novel genetic kinship estimators.
  • To compare genetic marker-based kinship estimates with traditional pedigree data.
  • To identify sources of discrepancies between pedigree and genetic kinship estimates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three published datasets containing both pedigree and genetic marker information.
  • Assessed two common and one newly developed genetic kinship estimation methods.
  • Conducted simulations to investigate the causes of discrepancies between pedigree and marker-based kinship.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant discrepancies between pedigree-derived kinship values and estimates from genetic markers.
  • Identified pedigree errors and heterogeneity in founder origins as primary sources of these discrepancies.
  • Demonstrated that the new marker-based kinship estimator exhibits favorable statistical properties.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic markers provide a robust alternative for kinship estimation, particularly when pedigree data may be inaccurate.
  • The novel genetic kinship estimator is well-suited for small populations common in conservation biology.
  • This estimator is also advantageous for studies in social evolution where high kinship levels are expected.