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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Absorption refers to taking dietary nutrients from the intestinal lumen for transportation throughout the body. After digestion in the small intestine, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler forms. These essential macronutrients and other vital substances, such as vitamins, minerals, and water, are then prepared for absorption into the bloodstream.
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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Recapitulating Suckling-to-Weaning Transition In Vitro using Fetal Intestinal Organoids
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Suckling Piglet Intestinal Enterocyte Nutrient Metabolism Changes.

Qiye Wang1, Xia Xiong2, Xiaocheng Wang2

  • 1Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology
|August 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Piglet enterocyte metabolism shifts during the suckling period, with decreased glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid processing. These findings offer insights into optimizing piglet nutrition and gut development.

Keywords:
Differentiated enterocytesIntestineNutrient metabolismPigletSuckling period

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Piglet intestinal morphology and enterocyte types change during the suckling period.
  • The association between these morphological changes and epithelial metabolic alterations remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate metabolic changes in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids within differentiated piglet enterocytes during the suckling phase.
  • To test the hypothesis that these metabolic pathways are altered as piglets develop.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
  • Analyzed protein synthesis in differentiated enterocytes (DE) isolated from piglet mid-jejunum at days 7, 14, and 21.
  • Included 24 piglets from 8 litters, with 3 piglets randomly selected and euthanized per litter at each time point.

Main Results:

  • Significant changes in cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, pigmentation, and localization were observed in DEs during suckling.
  • Protein expression related to glycolysis and the citrate cycle decreased between days 7 and 14.
  • Most proteins involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism showed decreased DE expression from day 7 to day 14, with some proteins down-regulated in 21-day-old piglets compared to 7-day-old piglets.

Conclusions:

  • Glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism undergo significant changes in piglet enterocytes during the suckling period.
  • These metabolic shifts correlate with changes in enterocyte differentiation and number.
  • Findings provide valuable data for formulating piglet feed and managing intestinal development.