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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
Published on: September 26, 2025
Solid Form of Lipid-Based Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for Minimization of Diacerein Adverse Effects:
Mohamed Ahmed Naseef1, Howida Kamal Ibrahim2, Samia Abd El-Kader Nour2
1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Eini Street, PO Box 11562, Cairo, Egypt. mohamed.nassef@pharma.cu.edu.eg.
Abstract:
This work aimed to enhance the oral bioavailability of diacerein. The drug was incorporated in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed using Capryol™90, Miglyol®812 and isopropyl myristate as oils, Tween®80 and Tween®20 as surfactants and PEG 200 and PEG 300 as co-surfactants. Among a total of 432 formulae, 17 formulae were clear. They were assessed for mean droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), saturation solubility and transmission electron microscopy. Solid granules were obtained by adsorption on Aeroperl®300. Results for DSC, PXRD, and SEM of prepared granules revealed that diacerein was molecularly dispersed within the formula. Desirability factor was adopted to find the granules with maximum solubility, maximum dissolution efficiency, maximum dissolution rate and percentage of drug dissolved at 5 min and minimum dissolution time and Carr's index. The optimized formula consisted of 10% Miglyol®812, 70% Tween®80 and 20% PEG 200 adsorbed to Aeroperl® 300 with a ratio of 2:1 preconcentrate:carrier. It recorded a 3.77-fold increase in bioavailability, compared to the marketed product. Such enhancement means lower doses and less gastrointestinal side effects.
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