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Committing to quantum resistance: a slow defence for Bitcoin against a fast quantum computing attack.

I Stewart1, D Ilie1, A Zamyatin1,2

  • 1Centre for Cryptocurrency Research and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.

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Summary

Quantum computing threatens Bitcoin

Keywords:
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithmbitcoinblockchainquantum computingquantum resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Cryptography
  • Quantum Computing
  • Blockchain Technology

Background:

  • Quantum computers pose a significant threat to current public key cryptography.
  • Bitcoin's security relies on the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), vulnerable to quantum attacks.
  • Existing Bitcoin protocols lack inherent quantum resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the specific threats quantum computers present to Bitcoin transactions.
  • To propose a protocol for migrating Bitcoin funds to quantum-resistant signatures.
  • To ensure Bitcoin's security against future quantum-capable adversaries.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing the impact of quantum algorithms on ECDSA.
  • Designing a commit-delay-reveal protocol for secure fund migration.
  • Evaluating the protocol's functionality even if ECDSA is compromised.
  • Proposing a soft fork implementation for Bitcoin protocol modification.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific vulnerabilities of ECDSA to quantum attacks within the Bitcoin network.
  • Developed a functional commit-delay-reveal protocol for transitioning to quantum-resistant digital signatures.
  • Demonstrated the protocol's resilience, operating effectively even with a compromised ECDSA.
  • Outlined a feasible soft fork mechanism for integrating the proposed security enhancements into Bitcoin.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum computing necessitates a transition to quantum-resistant cryptography in Bitcoin.
  • The proposed commit-delay-reveal protocol offers a viable solution for secure fund migration.
  • Soft fork implementation allows for gradual adoption of quantum-resistant measures without disrupting the network.
  • Proactive security measures are crucial for maintaining the integrity of cryptocurrencies in the quantum era.