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Published on: November 6, 2019
Strong host specialization in fungus genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthorales)
Jørgen Eilenberg1, Annette Bruun Jensen1
1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
Abstract:
The genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthorales) has a unique pathobiology. Infected adult dipteran hosts develop a large hole in their abdomens, through which conidia are actively discharged while the hosts are still alive. We analyzed the IST II region of Strongwellsea from 29 infected hosts representing 15 dipteran species from Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Scathophagidae. Each genotype was found on only one host species or a few closely related host species. Strongwellsea genotypes infecting flies from Anthomyiidae represented a monophyletic lineage, including the species Strongwellsea castrans, while genotypes infecting Muscidae were very diverse and clustered at different places. All three host species from Fanniidae were infected with the same Strongwellsea genotype, namely the species Strongwellsea magna. It appears that members of the genus Strongwellsea are strongly adapted to their host species and have co-evolved.
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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

