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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

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As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
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Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

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Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Excipients and Impurities-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:19

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Excipients and Impurities-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

189
Pharmaceutical products contain more than just the active drug; they also contain various excipients such as binders, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, and other elements. In some cases, impurities or contaminants might be present. Traditionally, quality control in pharmaceuticals has primarily focused on the analysis of the active drug, often overlooking the impact of these additional components. The recent issue with heparin contamination by over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

567
Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
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Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis
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Recent developments in green membrane-based extraction techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

Hadi Tabani1, Saeed Nojavan2, Michal Alexovič3

  • 1Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
|August 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Green analytical chemistry offers effective, eco-friendly methods for isolating analytes in biological samples. Membrane-based extraction techniques provide superior alternatives to traditional liquid-liquid extraction for trace analysis.

Keywords:
BioanalysisGreen chemistryMembrane extractionPharmaceutical analysisSample preparation

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biomedical Analysis

Background:

  • Analyte isolation and enrichment are crucial for monitoring pharmaceuticals and endogenous compounds in biological samples.
  • Classical methods like liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) involve significant organic solvent use and complex handling.
  • Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles promote environmentally friendly, efficient, and economical analytical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of membrane-based extraction techniques since 2013.
  • To highlight the features and applications of these techniques, particularly in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
  • To compare membrane-based extraction with traditional methods like LLE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature (since 2013) on membrane-based extraction techniques.
  • Summary of different mass transfer driving forces across membranes.
  • Description of various membrane-based extraction methods and their pros/cons.

Main Results:

  • Membrane-based extraction offers stable, selective, and high-recovery solutions for trace analyte determination.
  • These techniques effectively overcome the drawbacks associated with LLE, such as high solvent consumption.
  • Applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis demonstrate the efficacy of modern membrane techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane-based extraction techniques are advanced, green alternatives for biological sample preparation.
  • They enable efficient and eco-friendly trace analysis of target analytes.
  • These methods are well-suited for hyphenated analytical instrumentation and complex matrix analysis.