Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes01:15

One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes

4.1K
One-Way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples with equal or unequal sample sizes. When one-way ANOVA is performed on two datasets with samples of equal sizes, it can be easily observed that the computed F statistic is highly sensitive to the sample mean.
Different sample means can result in different values for the variance estimate: variance between samples. This is because the variance between samples is calculated as the product of the sample size and the variance between the...
4.1K
Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges01:30

Electric Field of Two Equal and Opposite Charges

7.1K
Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. However, the centers of the positive and negative charges do not always coincide. In such a scenario, the electric field of an atom may not be zero.
A separation of the positive and negative charges can lead to a weak, remnant effect of the positive and negative charges. The expectation is that the more the distance between the positive and...
7.1K
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

539
Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable...
539
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

690
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
690
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

43.5K
Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
43.5K
Coping Strategies: Problem Focused01:27

Coping Strategies: Problem Focused

518
Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
For example, consider a student who struggles to understand their...
518

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Conditional progression-free survival in patients with metastatic hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer treated with first-line ribociclib and endocrine therapy: real-world data from the RIBANNA study.

ESMO open·2025
Same author

A region within the third extracellular loop of rat Aquaporin 6 precludes trafficking to plasma membrane in a heterologous cell line.

Scientific reports·2021
Same author

MTT Heterogeneity in Perfusion CT Imaging as a Predictor of Outcome after Aneurysmal SAH.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2021
Same author

Less is more: re-evaluating systematic reviews.

Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland·2018
Same author

Dynamics of a mechanical system with multiple degrees of freedom out of thermal equilibrium.

Physical review. E·2017
Same author

Iron limitation of microbial phosphorus acquisition in the tropical North Atlantic.

Nature communications·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.9K

Single equalizer strategy with no information transfer for conflict escalation.

A Engel1, A Feigel2

  • 1Physics Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002 Israel.

Physical Review. E
|August 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a unique equalizer strategy that predicts animal conflict outcomes without requiring opponent information or symmetric cooperation. This finding simplifies understanding animal behavior in contests, applicable to species like spiders.

More Related Videos

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice
06:12

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.1K
Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies
08:21

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies

Published on: March 20, 2015

12.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.9K
Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice
06:12

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.1K
Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies
08:21

Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies

Published on: March 20, 2015

12.9K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Game Theory
  • Animal Behavior
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Zero-determinant strategies in iterated games allow unilateral payoff control.
  • Equalizer strategies are a subset of zero-determinant strategies, forcing equal opponent payoffs.
  • Real-world animal contests often lack iterations, posing challenges for strategy analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if complex strategies can be reduced to simpler equalizer strategies in non-iterated animal contests.
  • To identify a unique equalizer strategy that accurately predicts fight outcomes.
  • To determine if this strategy relies on opponent state information.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling of two-parameter strategies and their corresponding equalizer strategies.
  • Analysis of strategy equivalence in terms of fight outcome statistics.
  • Comparison of model predictions with empirical observations of spider contests.

Main Results:

  • An arbitrary two-parameter strategy corresponds to an equalizer strategy with identical fight outcome statistics.
  • A unique equalizer strategy predicts contest outcomes without symmetric cooperation responses.
  • This unique strategy does not require information about the opponent's state.

Conclusions:

  • Analyzing the equalizer strategy space may be sufficient for predicting animal behavior in contests.
  • The identified unique equalizer strategy aligns with observations in male bowl and doily spider combat.
  • The findings support the war of attrition model's assumption of self-state-dependent decision-making in conflicts.