Magnetohydrodynamics- and magnetosolutal-transport-mediated evaporation dynamics in paramagnetic pendant droplets...

Evaporation kinetics of pendant droplets is an area of immense importance in several applications, in addition to possessing rich fluid dynamics and thermal transport physics. This article experimentally and analytically sheds insight into the augmented evaporation dynamics of paramagnetic pendant droplets in the presence of a magnetic field stimulus. The literature provides information that solutal advection and the solutal Marangoni effect lead to enhanced evaporation in droplets with solvated ions. The main focus of this article is to modulate the thermosolutal advection with the aid of an external magnetic field and comprehend the dynamics of the evaporation process under such complex multiphysics interactions. Experimental observations reveal that the evaporation rate enhances as a direct function of the magnetic moment of the solvated magnetic element ions, thereby pointing at the magnetophoretic and magnetosolutal advection. Additionally, flow visualization by particle image velocimetry illustrates that the internal advection currents within the droplet increase in magnitude and are distorted in orientation by the magnetic field. A mathematical formalism based on magnetothermal and magnetosolutal advection has been proposed via scaling analysis of the species and energy conservation equations. The formalism takes into account all major governing factors, viz., the magnetothermal and magnetosolutal Marangoni numbers, magneto-Prandtl and magneto-Schmidt numbers, and the Hartmann number. The modeling establishes the magnetosolutal advection to be the dominant factor behind the augmented evaporation dynamics. Accurate validation of the experimental internal circulation velocity is obtained from the proposed model. This study reveals rich insight into the magnetothermosolutal hydrodynamics in paramagnetic droplets.