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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
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Chemical Reactions02:26

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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
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Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ones formed. In general, kinetic energy is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion. Imagine a person building a brick wall. The energy it takes to lift and place one brick on top of another is the kinetic energy—the energy matter possesses because of its motion. Once the wall is in place, it stores potential energy.
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The first law of thermodynamics holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed—it can only change form. An organism's essential function is to consume (ingest) energy and molecules in the foods we eat, convert some of it into fuel for movement, sustain our body functions, and build and maintain our body structures. There are two types of reactions that accomplish this: anabolism and catabolism.
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Structural bifurcation analysis in chemical reaction networks.

Takashi Okada1,2, Je-Chiang Tsai3,4, Atsushi Mochizuki1,2,5,6

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We developed a mathematical method to analyze complex biological networks. This approach uses network structure alone to predict how chemical reactions create biological functions through bifurcation analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Systems biology
  • Biochemical network analysis
  • Mathematical modeling of biological systems

Background:

  • Biological functions emerge from complex chemical reaction networks within living cells.
  • Understanding the dynamics of these networks is crucial for deciphering biological processes.
  • Current methods may require extensive simulation or detailed kinetic data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel mathematical framework for analyzing bifurcation behaviors in biological networks.
  • To enable the study of network dynamics based solely on network structure.
  • To identify parameters and chemical species critical for network bifurcations.

Main Methods:

  • Decomposition of large biochemical networks into smaller, manageable subnetworks.
  • Independent analysis of bifurcation conditions within each subnetwork.
  • Utilizing network topology to predict bifurcation phenomena.

Main Results:

  • A method to analyze bifurcation behaviors using only the structural properties of biochemical networks.
  • Identification of specific parameters and chemical species that drive bifurcations within the network.
  • Demonstration of the method's applicability on both hypothetical and real biological networks.

Conclusions:

  • Network structure alone contains sufficient information to analyze bifurcation dynamics.
  • This approach offers a simplified yet powerful tool for understanding biological functions.
  • The method facilitates the prediction of critical control points in complex biological systems.